EU Migration to and from the UK (Since Brexit) (migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk)

The Migration Observatory briefing reviews how EU migration to and from the UK has changed since Brexit, using census, labour market, education and border-related data. It finds that net migration of EU citizens turned negative in 2022 and that between mid-2021 and 2025 roughly 162,000 more EU nationals left than arrived, alongside an EU-born resident population of about 4 million in 2021/22. It also notes the post-2021 visa system has greatly reduced new EU entry via visas (around 5% of visas granted to EU nationals) while the EU Settlement Scheme remains the main route for people already in the UK. The briefing highlights limits in migration statistics during and after the pandemic and details how EU citizens’ rights and statuses are handled under the new rules.